Civilian Direct Participation in Cyber Hostilities

Challenges of Twenty-first Century Conflicts: a Look at Direct Participation in Hostilities

During times of armed conflict, whether characterized as international or non-international, International Humanitarian Law (“IHL”) is applicable. As a body of law, IHL does not question the lawfulness of a conflict (jus ad bellum) but seeks instead to apply humanitarian principles in warfare (jus in bello). IHL recognizes that even war has its limits, irrespective of its cause, and strives to ...

The Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities: A Critical Analysis

In 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in cooperation with the T.M.C. Asser Institute, launched a major research effort to explore the concept of “direct participation by civilians in hostilities” (DPH Project).1 The goal was to provide greater clarity regarding the international humanitarian law (IHL) governing the loss of protection from attack when civilians involve th...

Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the Icrc “direct Participation in Hostilities” Interpretive Guidance

cyber warfare and cyber terrorism

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Employee direct participation in organisational decisions and workplace safety.

Managers from 192 companies filled out the Employee Direct Participation in Organisational Change questionnaire measuring employees' direct participation (DP) in organisational decisions. Four main forms of DP were identified: individual and group consultations, and individual and group delegation. Workplace safety was measured with the number of accidents, the number of employees working in ha...